What is Most Precious

Chapter 1The best time to understand the Truth

Most precious in life is understanding whatever reality appears now. Most of the time we are thinking of concepts and ideas about people and things that seem to stay. Through the Buddha’s teachings we learn that realities such as seeing, feeling or hardness only arise for an extremely short moment and then fall away. There is no self who can cause their arising or control them.

Because of ignorance we are misled about the truth of realities that are impermanent, unsatisfactory (dukkha) and non-self, anattā.

Without the Buddha’s teachings no one knows that life is seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, experiencing tangible object through the bodysense and thinking. Each moment of consciousness or citta experiences only one object at a time and then it falls away, never to return.

When we are convinced that hearing true Dhamma and right understanding are the most valuable in our life we appreciate the opportunity for listening we still have in this human plane of existence.

Most of the time we are forgetful of what life really is: moments of seeing, hearing or thinking which arise and fall away immediately. We keep on thinking of different situations which seem to last, of people, of concepts that are not realities.

Throughout our sessions there were dialogues with children and adults about the realities of life. These were most useful for all of us. In this way we were reminded about what is really true.

When we were staying in Nakorn Nayok, Sarah had a lively conversation about realities with Vincent’s twelve year old daughter Nana who lives in Taiwan. They talked about the different feelings that arise. When we hear kind words there is mostly happy feeling, whereas when we hear unkind words unhappy feeling is bound to arise.

Nana was asked what kind of feeling arises when seeing or hearing. There is not happy feeling nor unhappy feeling but indifferent feeling. She was asked what feeling arises when one is doing good deeds. Is it not usually happy feeling? Feelings are different at each moment. Sarah asked Nana whether it is “you” who feels pleasant or unpleasant; actually, what is the reality that feels it?

Nana answered: “Only feeling.”

There are two types of reality: one type of reality experiences something, it is nāma, and one type does not experience anything, it is rūpa. Conciousness, citta, and its accompanying mental factors, cetasikas, experience different objects. Sound or hardness are rūpa, they do not experience anything.

Sarah asked Nana why feeling is nāma. Nana answered that it is nāma because it experiences things.

We are forgetful of the fact that feeling feels, that not a self feels. We are led by feelings. We find it very important how we feel in a day. We are distressed when others do not treat us well. We think that others are to be blamed instead of understanding that the real cause of our distress is within us. Whatever occurs is conditioned by many different factors, and nobody can be master of whatever happens in our life.

When seeing right now we always have the idea of “I see”. Seeing is a citta that is accompanied by mental factors, cetasikas, which condition it. Citta is the leader, the principal, in experiencing an object and the accompanying cetasikas experience the same object but they each perform their own function. Citta and cetasika condition each other by conascence-condition. They arise at the same physical base, and fall away together at the same time. Some cetasikas accompany every citta, such as contact, feeling, remembrance or concentration. Contact (phassa) contacts the object of citta so that citta can experience it. Remembrance or recognition, saññā, marks or recognizes the object citta experiences. Concentration, ekaggatā cetasika, focusses on the object and it is the condition that each citta experiences only one object at a time. When seeing arises it experiences only visible object, when hearing arises it experiences only sound. Some cetasikas are beautiful and some are akusala and they accompany different cittas. Actually, citta itself is not kusala or akusala, its function is just to experience an object. The accompanying akusala cetasikas or kusala cetasikas cause citta to be akusala or kusala.

Sarah asked Nana: “What is the best time to understand the truth?” Nana gave the right answer, saying: “Now”.

We are inclined to think of the past but this has already gone, never to return. When we are thinking of the future, of what we are going to do, we are quite absorbed in concepts and we are forgetful of the thinking itself that is a reality which is conditioned, non-self. We forget that the only time reality appears is now. This is the time to understand its true nature.

Seeing appears now. We can learn that there are conditions for its arising. It is conditioned by eyesense and visible object. Seeing is a citta that is result, vipāka. It is the result of kusala kamma or akusala kamma. When it is the result of kusala kamma it experiences a pleasant object and when it is the result of akusala kamma it experiences an unpleasant object. Nobody can select the object that is experienced. Having more understanding of the conditions for the realities that arise and learning more details helps us to realize that there is no self who can direct realities or cause their arising. Seeing is often dealt with as an example, but when we have understanding of the conditioned nature of seeing we shall also have more understanding of the other realities that arise.

Each conditioned reality arises for an extremely brief moment and then it falls away. When we think of the situations of life and of people it seems that people and things stay on. We are often lost in stories instead of knowing what is real at this moment. Without the Buddha’s teaching we do not know what life really is. Life is seeing, hearing, thinking, and they all fall away immediately. Life is only one moment of experiencing one object at a time.This does not mean that we should not think of concepts of people. We should not try to change our way of thinking, but there can be more understanding of what life truly is.

Nana had prepared some of her own questions. She asked what “nimitta” (sign) is. While we are seeing now there are numerous cittas arising and falling away in succession, very rapidly. Countless visible objects are experienced by moments of seeing-consciousness and what is known is only the sign of visible object. There is a sign or mark of visible object that has fallen away. It is impossible to experience just one visible object since citta that is seeing-consciousness arises and falls away extremely fast, but a sign of the characteristic of visible object can be experienced. The sign of visible object that remains is like a shadow of visible object. As was explained before, the experience of the nimitta can be compared to a burning torch that one swings around so that a circle of fire appears. There seems to be a circle that remains but in reality there is no circle.

The sign or nimitta of what arises and falls away very fast appears as if it is still there. On account of the nimitta of realities we think of concepts or ideas. At this moment a dhamma such as visible object appears for an extremely short moment and then it falls away. But since dhammas arise in succession there seems to be a continuity which is steady, so that we take what is experienced for ‘some thing’. Evenso is there the nimitta of citta, viññāṇa-nimitta, that experiences different objects. There is a nimitta of each of the five khandhas.

Nana asked what kamma is. It is cetanā cetasika, translated as intention or volition. It accompanies every citta. It sees to it that the other accompanying cetasikas each perform their own task. Cetanā that accompanies vipākacitta, citta that is result, is different from cetanā that accompanies kusala citta or akusala citta. When it accompanies kusala citta or akusala citta and it is of sufficient strength, it is able to produce the appropriate result. Kindness to others is wholesome kamma. Nana agreed that knowing the truth is the best kamma.

The Buddha taught that all realities are non-self. However, because of ignorance and clinging it is hard to accept the truth.

We read in the “Kindred Sayings”( IV, Saḷāyatana vagga, Kindred Sayings on Sense, Fourth Fifty, Ch III, § 193, Udāyin):

Once the venerable Ānanda and the venerable Udāyin were staying at Kosambī in Ghosita Park. Then the venerable Udāyin, rising at eventide from his solitude, went to visit the Venerable Ānanda, and on coming to him . . . after the exchange of courtesies, sat down at one side. So seated the venerable Udāyin said to the venerable Ānanda:

“Is it possible, friend Ānanda, just as this body has in divers ways been defined, explained, set forth by the Exalted One, as being without the self . . . is it possible in the same way to describe the consciousness, to show it, make it plain, set it forth, make it clear, analyze and expound it as being also without the self?”

“Just as this body has in divers ways been defined, explained, set forth by the Exalted One, as being without the self, friend Udāyin, so also is it possible to describe this consciousness, to show it, make it plain, set it forth, make it clear, analyze and expound it as being also without the self.

Owing to the eye and visible object arises seeing-consciousness, does it not, friend?”

“Yes, friend.”

“Well, friend, it is by this method that the Exalted One has explained, opened up, and shown that this consciousness also is without the self.”

(The same is said with regard to the other doorways.)

“Owing to the eye and visible object arises seeing-consciousness”, the Buddha explained. His words are very direct and impressive. Is there seeing now? Acharn often asked this question during the discussions. It brings us back to the present moment. There is seeing time and again but without the Buddha’s words we would never know the truth of seeing. It does not arise because a self wants to see. Nobody can cause its arising. It arises just for a moment and then it is gone, never to return. Acharn emphasized again and again that we should carefully consider each word spoken by the Buddha: “Owing to the eye and visible object arises seeing-consciousness.”

Before we went to Vietnam we were invited by Khun Duangduen to her home in Bangsai. She received us with great hospitality and offered us a luncheon in a restaurant located in the same area as her house. Here we enjoyed an incredible variety of health foods. Before and after the luncheon we had a Dhamma discussion in a small group while seated by the waterside. Acharn explained about right awareness that should be very natural. It does not matter whether or not it arises. Attachment to it is bound to come in very quickly. At the moment of right awareness there is no thinking about realities. Acharn said: “Very natural means: whatever appears by conditions can be object of right awareness. Unexpectedly. It takes aeons and aeons for sati and paññā to develop, from moment to moment.”

We discussed about seeing the danger of being in the cycle of birth and death, saṃsāra. We may well read about the danger or discuss it but there is not enough understanding of the danger of saṃsāra. I had a dialogue with Jonothan about this subject:

Jonothan: “Why are you interested in developing understanding?”

Nina: “We want to know the truth.”

Jonothan: “What is the truth we are going to know?”

Nina: “The truth the Buddha taught about no self, the truth of all realities. That is what we want to know.”

Jonothan: “Is that dukkha (unsatisfactory)?”

Nina: “All conditioned realities are dukkha. But we do not quite understand dukkha, the impermanence of realities.”

Jonothan: “All realities are dukkha, there is no future.”

Nina: “Because they fall away. There is so much thinking about it.”

Jonothan: “We come to understand this intellectually at first. The cessation of dukkha takes place only at arahatship, parinibbāna, the end of saṃsāra.”¹

Nina: “There is hearing, thinking, but not understanding. It is so much theory for me.”

Jonothan: “It is theory for all of us, when understanding is of the intellectual level. You asked about the connection with seeing the danger of saṃsāra.”

Acharn Sujin: “We should not try to see the danger, but it is by understanding on and on and on . . . . Ignorance cannot be eradicated all at once.”

Acharn explained that that the actual moment of seeing the danger of life must be vipassanā ñāṇa ². One can see the danger of akusala dhammas in daily life. Realizing the danger of life has to be from now on. There is nothing that does not arise and fall away from this morning up to now. There is no one there.

I said that realizing this from now on is very hard. Acharn answered that it is not a matter of self, but of citta and cetasikas. When I said that we just listen and consider, she answered: “Citta and cetasikas. They develop.”

It is beneficial to be reminded that citta and cetasikas perform their tasks, not a self who can do anything.

Sarah reminded me that wise consideration is paññā that develops naturally and easily. She said: “It is not ‘how can I understand’, or trying to work it out. This is natural, but self, clinging to the self gets in the way all the time and hinders the natural considering or understanding.”

Acharn emphasized again: “Paññā begins to listen carefully, consider carefully, and in that way it develops.”

Chapter 2The Functions of Citta

Seeing at this moment is life. It is conditioned, no one can make it arise. Each moment that arises and falls away is life. As Acharn said, “Without understanding reality right now, there is no understanding of life.” Life is not permanent; each reality that is conditioned to arise, falls away in split seconds. Nobody can stop the succession of realities that arise and fall away. As Acharn said, “It has gone completely. So rapid, it seems like it is permanent”. The citta that has fallen away is succeeded immediately by the next citta and, thus, it seems that citta can stay.

When citta arises, it performs a function. Seeing is a function of citta. Seeing is vipākacitta, result of kamma. When it experiences a pleasant object it is the result of kusala kamma, and when it experiences an unpleasant object it is the result of akusala kamma. We should not try to find out whether seeing is kusala vipākacitta or akusala vipākacitta, it is just one short moment that falls away immediately.

Different cittas perform different functions. The term “function” (in Pali: kicca), helps us to understand that there is no self who acts, but that it is citta that performs a function. Seeing arises in a process of cittas which each perform their own function. Before seeing arises, there has to be adverting-consciousness (āvajjana-citta) which does not see but just adverts to visible object that impinges on the eyesense. Then seeing arises and after it has fallen away it is succeeded by two more vipākacittas which receive the object and which investigate it. Then determining-consciousness (votthapana-citta), which is kiriya-citta ¹, arises. This is only one moment of citta that will be followed by kusala cittas or akusala cittas that perform the function of “javana” or “going through” the object. It depends on accumulated conditions whether kusala citta or akusala citta arises. There is no one who could determine this.

Birth is a function of citta and dying is another function of citta. Birth-consciousness (paṭisandhi-citta) and dying-consciousness (cuti-citta) are results of kamma. No one can condition birth-consciousness to arise in a specific place or country. No one can know when death will come. It depends on kamma when a lifespan will be ended. It may seem unusual to see dying as a function of citta. But this is reality. There is no person, only citta, cetasika and rūpa arising and falling away. Dying-consciousness is the last moment of a life-span which is followed immediately by the rebirth-consciousness of the following life. This is just like now: seeing arises and is immediately followed by the next citta in the process which is receiving-consciousness: it does not see but still experiences visible object while receiving that object. There is life and death at each moment, when a citta arises and falls away.

Cittas can be kusala, akusala, vipāka or kiriya. These are the four “natures”, “jātis”, of citta. This was also a topic discussed during the sessions. In a process of cittas there are not only kusala cittas, akusala cittas and vipākacittas, cittas that are result, but also kiriyacittas. Kiriyacitta is not kusala, akusala or vipāka. Before seeing arises in a process of cittas, there is a kiriyacitta, the eye-door adverting-consciousness that adverts to visible object. Another kiriyacitta in the process of cittas is the determining-consciousness, votthapana-citta, arising after seeing and the two vipākacittas that follow upon seeing. The determining-consciousness that is only one moment, is succeeded by kusala cittas or akusala cittas.

It depends on the appropriate conditions of what jāti a particular citta is. Acharn said: “There are four jātis every day. One can begin to understand that there is no one, no self.”

Citta and its accompanying cetasikas are of the same jāti. They condition one another by conascence-condition, meaning, they arise and fall away together. Thus, when the citta is kusala, all accompanying cetasikas are also kusala, and it is the same in the case of akusala citta, vipākacitta and kiriyacitta. When we are helping someone else with kusala citta the accompanying feeling which may be pleasant feeling or indifferent feeling is also kusala. When the kusala citta falls away there may be akusala citta with clinging to the person we are helping or to an idea of “my pleasant feeling”. In that case the accompanying feeling which may be pleasant or indifferent, is also akusala. We may be ignorant of realities believing that the feeling that is kusala stays on, whereas, in reality, it is akusala. It is not self but just feeling that feels and it only lasts for an extremely brief moment. When we consider realities wisely it will be clearer that feeling is only a conditioned dhamma.

Cittas arising in processes experience an object through one of the six doorways, the doorway of the eye, the ear, the nose, the tongue, the bodysense or the mind. Only one object through one doorway at a time can be experienced. Life is the experience of one object and then it is gone, never to return. Each citta that falls away conditions the arising of the next citta. This is proximity-condition, anantara-paccaya. Cittas arise in succession, and also in a specific order. When the adverting-consciousness has fallen away it is succeeded by seeing or one of the other sense-cognitions. This order cannot be changed.

Seeing sees only visible object, but very soon after seeing we think of people and things. Cittas succeed one another so rapidly that it seems that we can see and think all at the same time. However, we could not think of persons and things if there had not been seeing. We may understand this intellectually, but it still seems that we see and recognize people and things at the same time.

We usually think of people and events with akusala citta, with attachment or aversion. One may wonder whether one should change one’s way of thinking. We should not try to change our way of thinking, that would be unnatural. When we try to change our thinking there is clinging to an idea of self who can do so. Thinking is also a conditioned reality. We can learn that it is different from seeing or hearing. When we learn about different realities, there will be more confidence in the Buddha’s teaching of non-self.

There are not only cittas arising in processes, in between the processes of cittas there are cittas that are life-continuum, bhavanga. They keep the continuity in the life of an individual. The bhavanga-citta does not experience an object through a doorway. It experiences the same object as the rebirth-consciousness, throughout life. Kamma produces the first citta in life, the rebirth-consciousness which is vipākacitta and it experiences the same object as that experienced shortly before dying. The rebirth-consciousess is succeeded by bhavanga-citta. When we are fast asleep and not dreaming bhavanga-cittas arise. We do not know any object through the sense-doors or the mind-door, we do not know where we are and who we are, who our parents are. Acharn asked us: “Is there anyone at the moment of being fast asleep? Where are you, your property, family and friends?”

When we wake up cittas arise again that experience objects through one of the six doorways.

The cycle of birth and death goes on endlessly, consisting of cittas arising in processes and cittas that do not arise in processes, bhavanga-cittas. Dying-consciousness, cuti-citta, is the last citta of this life-span. It is of the same type as the bhavanga-citta and it experiences the same object.

Acharn asked whether there is seeing in a dream. We think of many stories, when dreaming. She explained:

“At this moment there is seeing and memory of people and things. Just like in a dream. What is the difference between moments of dreaming and of being awake? There is no seeing in a dream. Memory makes it seem so real. When one wakes up where are those that appeared in a dream?”

Nothing can arise without conditions. But it is very difficult to understand conditions. One is occupied with oneself and this causes many problems. I worry about what will happen to me, tomorrow, or after tomorrow when I have to travel. I remarked that it is so good to be reminded that one is occupied with oneself, to learn about conditioned realities that cannot be controlled. They are all conditioned dhammas. This is a great support when we face problems. Also akusala citta is a reality of life and it should be understood as conditioned, non-self.

We read in the “Kindred Sayings” (III) “Kindred Sayings on Elements”, The First Fifty, § 8, “Grasping and Worry”(2), that the Buddha, while he stayed at Sāvatthī, said:

“I will show you, brethren, grasping and worry, likewise not grasping and worrying. Do you listen . . .

And how, brethren, is there grasping and worry? Herein, brethren, the untaught man-folk have this view: ’This body is mine: I am this: this is myself.’ ² Of such an one the body alters and becomes otherwise. Owing to the altering and otherwiseness of body, sorrow and grief, woe, lamentation and despair arise in him . . . ”

The same is said about the other four khandhas, the khandha of feeling, of perception (remembrance or saññā), of saṅkhāra-khandha (the other fifty cetasikas, apart from feeling and remembrance) and of consciousness (viññāṇa).

The Buddha said: “And how, brethren, is there no grasping and worry? Herein, brethren, the well-taught Ariyan disciple has this view: ‘This body is not mine: I am not this: this is not myself.’ But in spite of the altering and otherwiseness of body, sorrow and grief, woe, lamentation and despair do not arise in him . . . ” The same is said of the other four khandhas.

Only the arahat, the perfected one has eradicated all kinds of clinging and, thus, he has no grasping and worry.

Sarah had a dialogue with Trung, the brother of Tran Thai’s wife Tiny Tam. Sarah asked him what is seen now and he answered that it was people and things.

Sarah: “Just visible object that is seen. Afterwards we think of people and flowers. What sees visible object?”

Trung: “The ‘I’,”.

Sarah: “Is the ‘I’ that can hear the same as the ‘I’ that can see?”

Trung: “Yes.”

Sarah: “Is that ‘I’ real or just imagination?”

Trung: “An idea.”

Sarah: “Just an imaginary ‘I’, no ‘I’ to be found. Does that make sense?”

Trung: “Yes.”

Later on Sarah had another dialogue with Trung and it appeared that he had considered realities more.

Sarah: “Eyesense cannot experience anything, only citta can experience something. So visible object contacts the eyesense and seeing sees visible object. Without these two seeing cannot see.

What is heard now?”

Trung: “Sound.”

Sarah: “What hears that sound?”

Trung: “Hearing-consciousness.”

Sarah: “What is seen now?”

Trung: “Light or visible object.”

Sarah: “Light or visible object, just that which is seen.

When there is the idea of people and flowers there are just ideas that are thought about. In dreams thinking is real, but are people, flowers, strange events real or imagined?”

Trung: “Imagined.”

Sarah: “Seeing is real, light or visible object is real, thinking is real. Flowers and people are ideas. Is this interesting or useful?”

Sarah said that she appreciated his interest. Trung came to the sessions also the following days and he listened attentively to the discussions.

This was a dialogue about all the different realities that appear in a day and we have heard about this many times. However, it is always useful to be reminded again and again about what is real since our ignorance and attachment are deeply rooted. It will take aeons of listening and carefully considering realities before there will be clear understanding of realities as impermanent and non-self. It seems, when we think of our house, that our house is still existing and belongs to us. Acharn frequently reminded us of the truth. She said:

“You think of your house. Where is your house? You are just dreaming about your house. Can one say that life is just like a dream, no matter at night or at day time. There is nothing in a dream. What is the use of clinging to what appears very shortly.” We should not try to stop dreaming, or wish for life to be different. Life should be understood. Thinking is real, but the stories one thinks of are not real.

During the sessions the listeners had many questions and several of these pertained to calm as a method to have more kusala. People believed that if one goes to a quiet place in order to have more loving kindness, mettā, it would arise more frequently. However, from the beginning it should be understood what calm is and what mettā is. Mettā can arise naturally in daily life. At the moments of kindness there is calm already. Calm (passaddhi) is a cetasika arising with each kusala citta.

One point that was raised was that the thought of foulness of the body will eliminate lust or attachment. There will not be true calm if one tries to cause citta to be in a certain way, motivated by an idea of self. One should know that whatever citta arises is conditioned, and that nobody can control citta. Many akusala cittas arise in our life and they can be understood as non-self. They are all dhammas. Recollection on the foulness of the body is one of the subjects of samatha, the development of calm. If one understands the right conditions for calm there can be temporary release from attachment. But if one just focusses on foulness without right understanding of what true calm is, it will not be beneficial.

People raised questions as to paying respect to one’s ancestors. This is a duty stemming from the Vietnamese tradition. It is not helpful to speculate about one’s ancestors who could notice one’s good deeds done in order to honour them. When the dying-consciousness has fallen away and it is succeeded by the rebirth-consciousness, there is no longer the same individual. However, one can be grateful for what they have done in the past and think of them with kusala cittas. People also wonder how to pay respect to the Buddha although he has passed finally away. The best respect to the Buddha is to study his words and develop understanding of what is real. Now is the way to show respect to him.

Someone mentioned a Mahāyāna belief that there is a joint or collective kamma. A group of people receives the same kind of result due to kamma that they have collectively performed. This is not possible because each person will receive the result of a deed he has performed himself. He is heir to his own kamma, as the Budha said. Seeing arises now and it is the result of past kamma, a deed one has performed oneself.

Each of the questions raised can be brought back to the present moment.

We are thinking about concepts and situations time and again and then we are forgetful of what is true in the ultimate sense.

When we hear the words “being alone” we tend to think about this in conventional sense. Acharn reminded us of the real meaning of being alone, of the fact that there is no one there. She said:

“There is always thinking about situations. Each moment is alone. Seeing is alone. Just live alone. There is thinking about people, but thinking is alone. Just alone each moment. This will lead to less attachment. There is no one with us, citta just arises and falls away. Where are those people we are thinking about. We are happy being with friends, but this arises alone.”

Citta is always alone, there is nobody there when seeing arises. Besides citta, cetasika and rūpa there is no person.

When intellectual understanding, pariyatti, develops it will become quite firm and there will be more confidence in the truth. Then it can condition right awareness and direct understanding of realities, paṭipatti. Without confidence there are no conditions for direct understanding or satipahāna. We may be attached to the idea of pariyatti that has to become firm and condition paṭipatti. Each person has to find this out by himself, but it is only pañña that knows. Pariyatti has become really firm when there is no self involved. Instead of thinking too much about pariyatti and paṭipatti, it would be better to attend to what is appearing now. This is what is really important. There is no need to think about terms like pariyatti and paṭipatti, or all the other terms one finds in the texts. What appears now, just now? Is it seeing, hearing, hardness or thinking? This is the only way leading to the development of paññā. Paññā is only an element, devoid of self.

From the beginning there should be more and more understanding that no self studies, considers and develops intellectual understanding. This is already difficult, because the idea of self comes in unnoticed. This is so because of ignorance and attachment that has been accumulated for aeons.

Some people believe that they have reached already the stage of paṭipatti, direct understanding. They believe that they can be aware of seeing, hearing or thinking. Someone mentioned that there is a fine borderline between thinking and direct awareness. However, only paññā can know about the difference between the moments of right awareness and the moments that there is merely thinking of awareness. It is of no use to try to find out whether awareness has arisen. Right awareness and right understanding of the level of satipahāna arise together and they do so because of their own conditions. Nobody can select the object they take. Whatever reality appears, be it kusala or akusala, pleasant or unpleasant, can be the object of sati and paññā.

Chapter 3What is Death?

Nothing lasts, there is death at each moment in life. When a citta arises and falls away there is birth and death in the ultimate sense.

Two boys, Duc, sixteen years old, and Tri, twelve years old, were very sad because their grandmother had just passed away. Sarah had a dialogue with them:

“When seeing or hearing now there is no sadness. At the moments of helping or giving, there is no sadness. Your grandma started a new journey. What she would wish is that you study, help your parents and study Dhamma.

The world before hearing the teachings is the whole world. But after hearing the teachings it is that which arises. Each world is different: seeing is not hearing. After it has arisen it is old and then it passes away, never to return. We can think about the world in the sense of whatever appears now.

Understanding what the Buddha taught brings about respect to anything he taught. He is the person who enlightened the truth of everything.”

Sarah asked them whether they understood this a little bit and it appeared that they did. In the case of death and mourning it is important to consider realities. Instead of thinking again and again about the dear person one lost and one’s sadness it is good to be reminded of what is really important in life. Mostly we are involved in stories and concepts instead of considering realities wisely.

Sarah said:

“Is there seeing now? Does it last for a little time or for a long time? It seems to last for a long time but everything passes very quickly. What about unhappy feeling? A little while ago you told me you had unhappy feeling and now you are smiling. So, does unhappy feeling last? Everything seems to last. We learn a little bit more and then we understand a little bit more. We learn that it passes very quickly. What seems so important now will be forgotten very quickly.”

Sarah explained that there is just this moment now and the boys agreed. They understood that it is useful to find out what life is at this moment. When we help people to consider the present moment they will be less inclined to think with sadness about their loss. It is natural to be sad about a loss, but one can learn that even sadness is a conditioned reality that does not last. We are attached to pleasant feeling and when we lack the company of a dear person we cry. We only think of ourselves.

Sarah explained that when holding the microphone it is not the microphone that is touched but just tangible object such as hardness or temperature. The world the Buddha taught is just what is seen now, heard now, touched now. One may think of one’s deceased grandmother but what is real is just thinking now and then gone.

Duc said that he had regrets about his wasting of opportunities for kindness towards his grandmother and he was wondering whether he could come into contact with her in order to correct his former attitude. Jonothan explained that this is not possible and that it is not useful to have regrets about the past. One cannot always express how one feels about someone who is close to us.

I said to them that their interest and the way they asked questions was helpful to all of us. It was an opportunity to exchange thoughts about realities, about what is real now. Their dialogue with Sarah helped all of us to consider more ourselves what is real in life. We should consider more seeing and hearing. What is touched is not a thing like a microphone, but a reality such as solidity. We should have more understanding of what is real and what is only a thought or idea, which is not real.

I said that if their grandmother could know about their interest in the Dhamma she would really be happy. Understanding about the truth can develop very, very slowly. It is normal that it grows so slowly. It may take many lives, not just one life. It is good that understanding can begin just now.

The boys were shedding tears but in the course of the conversation about realities they dried their tears. The next day the cremation took place and a friend who attended the ceremony said that the boys were smiling.

When we reflect wisely about death, knowing that it can come any time, we can realize what is precious in life: just understanding this moment. We should remember that there is birth and death at each moment when a citta arises and then falls away. It is very natural to be involved in stories while thinking of grief caused by the loss of a dear person. However, it is beneficial to know the difference between thinking of situations and understanding the realities of citta, cetasika and rūpa. We do not try to change thinking of situations, but understanding can be developed of realities. In the ultimate sense there is no dear person who passed away nor people who are grieving. As we heard so many times these days: there is no one there. Our life is only citta, cetasika and rūpa. Through the Dhamma we learn to see our life in a different way.

Sarah reminded us that we are not crying for the beloved one but for ourselves. We are so attached to the pleasant feeling we derived from his or her company. One by one our dear ones will pass away. She said: “Wise people who are courageous will understand life as it is: however life goes, facing difficulties, there are still just dhammas: citta, cetasika and rūpa arising and falling away.”

We were reminded time and again that no matter life is happy or unhappy now, the only thing that matters is understanding of the realities appearing at the present moment. It is useless to wish for more calm and more kusala.

Kusala citta with calm can only arise when there are the right conditions.

Just now so many things seem to appear at the same time. All this, we call the world, appears because citta experiences different objects. Through the Buddha’s teachings we learn that there is one citta at a time, an extremely short moment. It arises and falls away never to return. We are misled by the outer appearance of things. We seem to see continuously, hear continuously. But we learn that, time and again, there is a different citta that experiences an object through one of the six doorways, of the senses and of the mind-door.

Whatever subject we consider, we have to distinguish the world of concepts, of people, I, you, different things that seem to last, and the real world of ultimate realities. Otherwise we shall not know the truth.

When we think of death we usually think of death in conventional sense, as the end of a lifespan. But when we consider the arising and falling away of citta, there is actually birth and death of citta.

Acharn said that in childhood she was very afraid of death. But when she understood that there is momentary death of citta all the time, all fear disappeared. She said:

“But now there is each moment. Nothing to be afraid of. Are you afraid of tomorrow, are you afraid of death? . . . So, understand the death of reality which arises and falls away, never to return, and that is the real meaning of death. So, is there time to be afraid of death anymore? Because it is just right now. When there is more understanding there will be less sorrow or unpleasant moments . . . .Great sorrow will come from the dear one’s death. One can understand what conditions sorrow, the unknown attachment that arises most in one’s life.”

Attachment is mostly not known. When it is strong such as greed for a delicious meal, we may notice it. But often there are countless more subtle moments such as attachment to seeing, to what is visible, to the eye.

We were reminded all the time that the difference between seeing and visible object, between nāma and rūpa, has to be clearly understood so that realities can, one at a time, be directly known. But we should not mind if this is not yet the case. At the moment of right understanding there is also patience.

Acharn said: “What is there now. Is there seeing or what? Seeing is conditioned, it cannot arise by itself. It is conditioned just to arise and see, that is all. No matter what you call it.”

Those are simple words, but did we really consider them enough? No matter what we call seeing, this reality appears and can be understood. We can call it by any name, in any language, but its characteristic does not change. It experiences visible object. It is an ultimate reality, different from conventional notions.

Acharn said: “It is gone completely, never to return in saṃsāra or anywhere in the world. No matter what you call it, is it true?”

A precious moment is understanding what has not been understood before. If one has not listened to the Buddha’s teachings there will always be ignorance covering up the truth. We were reminded time and again that there is ignorance when seeing is not understood as a moment of seeing, just a conditioned dhamma. We tend to think of seeing as if it is lasting. It seems that we see and perceive people and things at the same time. When intellectual understanding has conditioned direct understanding of the level of insight knowledge, vipassanā ñāa, the arising and falling away of realities, one at a time, can be clearly understood. Direct awareness, sati of the level of satipahāna, and direct understanding arise together at those moments.

The reality of mindfulness or awareness, sati, was often discussed. Some people believe that mindfulness is knowing what one is doing. However, it has a reality as object, not a situation or a conventional idea one may think of, such as an idea of doing the washing, of eating or of walking. Or one may think: “I am aware”. Awareness cannot arise with an idea of self. People may have misunderstandings when they read about applying knowledge during awareness. It entirely depends on conditions what the object of awareness and understanding will be. We learn from the teachings that no self can apply anything, but there may still be an idea of myself applying, even if we do not expressively think this in words. From the beginning there should be more and more understanding that no self studies or considers realities. This is already difficult, because the idea of self comes in unnoticed. This happens because of ignorance and attachment that has been accumulated for ages.

People confuse mindfulness with an idea of concentration. Mindfulness or concentration are terms one thinks of in conventional sense, as if they are lasting. The Buddha taught very precisely about them as specific cetasikas, dhammas arising because of the appropriate conditions that do not last.

Concentration or one-pointedness (ekaggatā cetasika) accompanies each citta and it is the condition that citta experiences only one object at a time. Seeing only experiences visible object, it cannot know any other object. It can be kusala, akusala or neither kusala nor akusala. Sati is a sobhana (beautiful) cetasika that can accompany only sobhana cittas ¹. Sati is non-forgetful of what is wholesome. There are many levels of sati: sati of the level of dāna, of sīla, of samatha, of tranquil meditation or of vipassanā.

Acharn emphasized that paññā can know the difference between moments of sati and moments without sati. Only paññā that has been developed more can know the difference. She said: “Sati and paññā are not you. If there is only intellectual understanding the characteristics of sati and paññā cannot be known.”

Acharn explained that when there is understanding of the level of pariyatti the object does not appear well, but when sati and paññā of the level of satipahāna arise the object of understanding “appears well”. The object cannot appear well in the beginning, when paññā has not been developed enough. When understanding has been developed more, the object of understanding begins to appear well. Then paññā will know the difference between the moment of sati and the moment without it. She said that it is a very short moment but that it is there. The characteristic of the object is truly understood as not self, as an element. This is paññā of a higher level, different from intellectual understanding of an object. But it has intellectual understanding of the present reality as a condition for its arising.

When understanding has been developed further to the degree that levels of insight knowledge (vipassanā ñāa) arise the object appears clearer and clearer.

Sati and paññā of the level of vipassanā can directly know the arising and falling away of realities. Then the real meaning of momentary death of citta will be understood.

Chapter 4Every moment is present moment

Understanding what has not been understood before is most valuable. Without the Buddha’s teachings we would always have an idea of “I see, I hear”, from life to life. He taught us that there is no self who is there, no one who experiences, not a person or thing that is experienced. Ignorance will always cover up the truth. During the discussions we often heard the words “seeing is not self” and we considered those words. But when seeing arises there is still the idea of “I see”. There will be this idea so long as the characteristic of seeing does not appear to paññā that has been developed more. Even when we do not expressively think “it is me” there is still the idea of self. We only know this through the Buddha’s teaching. The view of self is only eradicated by the sotāpanna, the person who has attained the first stage of enlightenment.

Seeing arises for one extremely short moment and then shortly afterwards we think of people and things we believe that we see. The difference between seeing and thinking should be known.

Acharn asked someone a few questions about seeing.

Acharn: “When it is not ‘I’, what is it?”

Answer: “Seeing.”

Acharn: “What is seeing?”

Answer: “Citta.”

Acharn then explained: “If you do not use words like citta or nature of citta, there is a reality which sees. A reality which just arises to see. The more there is the understanding of the reality which arises to see, the more understanding develops. There is no one there and it falls away instantly. When there is the idea of people and things there is no seeing at that moment.”

Acharn often asks the listeners questions in order to help them to consider the truth for themselves. The Buddha taught the Dhamma in such way that people would develop their own understanding. Then they will have more confidence in the teachings.

Acharn asks people why they want to study the Dhamma. It is just for the sake of understanding the truth. The aim is not becoming a better person, not trying to have more understanding; then one still thinks of self. Understanding is not “I”.

Life just exists in a moment. The moment of seeing is so short, and also what is seen, visible object, does not last. She asked why one clings to mountains, trees and people. What is the use of clinging to what is gone immediately. Clinging accumulates and at such moments there is no understanding of the truth. Through the development of understanding of realities there can eventually be a little less attachment to what is not worth clinging to.

Our whole life is the succession of realities that arise and fall away. We were often reminded of citta that sees alone, hears alone or thinks alone. We think of situations and stories about people, but the thinking itself is alone. Citta arises and experiences an object and then falls away immediately. Only one citta arises at a time; when seeing arises there is no other experience at the same time. “Even right now you are alone. Citta just arises and falls away”, Acharn said. When we are happy with friends, happy feeling arises alone. Citta is always alone, each moment.

Someone may wonder whether helping or giving is meaningful if there is no person. Here we have again two different worlds, the world of the situations and persons, and the world of what is real in the ultimate sense, citta, cetasika and rūpa.

We should consider citta. The citta that arises with generosity is wholesome. It can think in a wholesome way. There is no need to think of a person, it is the behaviour of citta, just for a moment, that matters. Understanding of realities leads to more wholesomeness. It is purer. For example, when we want to help others they may react with irritation. That does not matter, we need not think of situations, like reactions of others; there is the wholesome citta that arises and nobody can change it.

We lead our ordinary life in different situations, with different people, but in between thinking of situations, citta with right understanding of what life really is can arise. Thinking is a reality and the stories one thinks of are not real. By knowing the difference between stories and realities understanding can grow and develop. Life is really seeing visible object, thinking about it, hearing sound, thinking about it, all different realities that do not last.

This cannot be clearly understood in the beginning. When paññā is more developed to the stage of direct understanding of realities, it can penetrate the arising and falling away of whatever appears now. Then it becomes clearer that all we find so important only stays for a splitsecond. It will be clearer that what appears now, just one moment of seeing visible object, is real, and all concepts we think about are just speculations, thoughts or ideas which are not real. There will eventually be less ignorance and clinging to self.

After being in Hanoi for a few days we went to Mai Chau for a pleasant stay in the country with Dhamma discussions. We visited a picturesque village in Mai Chau Valley by an electric car where we had luncheon. We passed a traditional “homestay”, where guests stay together with the family on the same floor. Those are simple houses of wood and bamboo, usually without electricity. Women who look after their cattle just continue with their needle work while walking on the street.

The diningroom of the resort in Mai Chau was a roofed verandah, an ideal place with fresh air for Dhamma discussions. Here Acharn had a conversation with Tadao, our Japanese friend, about seeing and what is seen. She explained the Dhamma in the way of asking questions and would not stop until she had an answer to her questions. People may answer what they have learnt from the texts without really investigating the truth themselves. She would ask what is there when seeing. Everyone should really find out by himself what reality is there.

She explained that in the beginning there should be understanding of what is real and what is not real. What is seen, visible object, is real, seeing is real. She asked: “Can seeing which arises and falls away be anyone? Is seeing real, can it be you?”

When we say that seeing is not “I” there is only an idea about reality, it is not the actual moment when seeing arises. At that moment we are usually forgetful and we do not investigate the truth for ourselves. It has to be one’s own understanding of whatever appears now. She said that understanding of what appears now is the test of one’s own development of understanding.

She asked Tadao “What is there now when seeing?” She repeated this question several times. Tadao said: “Things”. Acharn then asked what the thing is that can be seen. She said: “That which can be seen is a reality. It is real. Can anyone make it arise? No one can do anything at all, right? What is seen now? What is that thing that is seen? You did not answer my question. The question was about the thing, what is it?”

This way of question and answer helps to understand realities. One should not just think about words and follow what one learnt from the teachings. One has to investigate the reality appearing now.

People think that they see a table with four legs. Acharn said: “You talk about shape and form but it has to be seen. What is really seen brings about the idea of four legs.” She reminded us of the truth by repeating that what has to be understood should be now, now. If there would not be seeing of visible object there could not be thinking of a table.

After hearing the teachings one begins to realize what is really seen. The idea of people or table comes later on, after seeing. She said:

“There must be seeing, like a flash. Thinking comes later. We do not talk about thinking, we talk about seeing before there can be the understanding that there is nothing besides seeing and what can be seen. So, no one there at all. This is the beginning of understanding that there is no one. We learn to understand the absolute truth of each moment as it is. At this moment of seeing there is no one. There are only different realities.”

She said that there is the idea of self all the time but that one should learn to understand what appears, little by little, in order to eradicate the idea of self in that which is seen. She talked about seeing again and again because it is the object of ignorance from aeons ago.

She asked what nāma is. A reality that arises to experience something. “Can anyone see nāma ?”, she asked, and the answer was no. She then asked the same about hearing and the other sense-cognitions. When we answer that seeing is nāma, not self, it does not mean that we have really understood what nāma is. We have ideas about reality but there is no direct awareness at the moment when seeing arises.

By her questions Acharn helps us to understand the difference between intellectual understanding and direct awareness and direct understanding of seeing or any other reality that appears now. Paññā that is developed from moment to moment can clearly know realities that appear now. But as soon as we are wishing for this knowledge, there is no understanding of the fact that all realities of our life arise because of their own conditions and are not self. When sati and direct understanding arise it will be known precisely when there is wrong view.

The development of paññā to the stage of insight knowledge, vipassanā ñāa, takes aeons. When it arises it knows directly the arising and falling away of realities. Without direct awareness of seeing it cannot be known that it arises and falls away. That is why Acharn often said that paññā is not enough yet. However, understanding can begin to know different characteristics of realities. If it does not begin now how can awareness and direct understanding ever arise?

Jonothan reminded us repeatedly that the development of right understanding does not mean that there will be less akusala, a change of personality for the better and more calm. There is no point in wishing for these things. No matter life is pleasant now or unpleasant now, the only thing that is worth while is understanding realities that appear at the present moment.

Jonothan said: “Every moment is present moment”. There are no methods to be followed for causing the arising of awareness of realities.

Acharn said: “Why do you think of practising. There is no need to think about it. Forget it.” She reminded us that the aim of listening to the Dhamma is just for the sake of understanding, nothing else.

There were several questions about the way to develop calm. One of the listeners mentioned that a good location and comfortable weather would be favourable conditions for the understanding of the Dhamma. Acharn remarked: “Why wait.” One may have the idea that a quiet place is necessary in order to develop understanding, but that is attachment and this is not a helpful condition for understanding of whatever appears now.

One may be attached to comfortable surroundings and wants to have only pleasant feeling. One may have the illusion that one can control one’s life. We always dream of another place, thinking there will be more awareness. We are forgetting realities at this moment.

Sarah remarked:

“Whatever arises does so by conditions, not by anyone’s will. Can anyone control what hearing hears, what is experienced through the bodysense? It arises so quickly by conditions, long before anyone can even think about it. When we try so hard to avoid unpleasantness, the realities are actually attachment and the wrong idea of ‘I can control’,”.

Someone said that one should meditate before listening to the Dhamma. By concentration on breath he would become calm and this would help to solve the problems of life such as stress. One dislikes stress that arises when there is aversion (dosa), accompanied by unpleasant feeling. However, one may not know when there is attachment to pleasant feeling. The real cause of problems in life are ignorance and attachment. No matter aversion, attachment, ignorance, whatever dhamma arises, they are all conditioned realities. It is an illusion that one can control one’s life just by concentration on a subject like breath without any understanding of what true calm is. Calm, the cetasika passaddhi, arises with each sobhana citta (beautiful citta). True calm as it is developed in samatha accompanies right understanding of the way how to develop it with a suitable meditation subject.

Jonothan explained that the beginning of samatha, the development of calm, is knowing the difference between kusala and akusala. Without knowing the difference there cannot be the development of kusala. Some people believe that they should concentrate on a meditation subject such as in-and-outbreathing but they may not have any understanding of what breath is nor of kusala citta and akusala citta.

Kusala citta is always accompanied by the wholesome roots ¹ of non-attachment and non-aversion and it may be accompanied by understanding as well. Akusala citta is always accompanied by the root of ignorance, moha, and it may at times by accompanied by attachment (lobha) as well or by aversion (dosa) as well. There are many degrees of these roots and one may not know them when they are more subtle. For instance, attachment is not only desire for a beautiful painting one wants to have, it is also attachment to seeing right now or to bodily wellbeing, moments that are not known. Aversion is not only anger or sadness, but it can also arise when there is a slight feeling of uneasiness. Ignorance follows very often seeing, hearing and the other sense-cognitions. It is ignorance of what realities are.

Jonothan explained that non-attachment or detachment arises naturally, by the development of understanding, after a long time. By thinking about detachment and by trying to have it, there will not be any detachment. He said:

“Samatha begins to develop when kusala citta arises naturally in one’s daily life. That is when the characteristic of calm that is kusala can be known. If one thinks to just take an appropriate meditation subject, such as in-and-out- breathing or a kasina ² it is wrong. Taking a particular meditation subject cannot make the citta kusala. That is why Acharn says that right understanding is necessary for both samatha and vipassanā.”

The development of samatha has to be right from the beginning. The development of samatha is not necessary for the attainment of enlightenment. Many people became enlightened without any attainment of jhāna.³

There can be moments of calm in daily life and then the citta is for that moment free from akusala, there is detachment. This is different from trying to be detached. Sarah mentioned that there were conditions to reflect naturally on death, because a friend’s mother had passed away. Such reflection may condition calm. She said that one can reflect that life is short: “Death can come at each moment. There can be calmness. What is precious in life is understanding at this moment.”

Chapter 5The right Path and the wrong Path

Just now, at this moment, many things seem to appear at the same time. All this which we call the world, could not appear if there were no citta. Citta experiences an object. Through the Buddha’s teachings we learn that there is one citta at a time, an extremely short moment. It arises and falls away never to return. We seem to see continuously, hear continuously. But we learn that at each moment there is a different citta that experiences an object through one of the six doorways, of the senses and of the mind-door.

Whatever subject we consider, we have to distinguish the world of concepts, of people, I, you, different things that seem to last, and the real world of ultimate realities. Otherwise we do not know the truth.

The difference between realities and concepts cannot be grasped at once. That is why there was so much repetition in all the explanations during the sessions. We have accumulated ignorance and wrong view for aeons.

Realities can be directly experienced, but first more intellectual understanding, pariyatti, is needed. We have to listen to the Buddha’s teaching who speaks about seeing, hearing and all realities. Are they permanent or impermanent he asked. Impermanence is not just thinking about the fact that things do not last. The falling away of seeing or hearing can be experienced but not immediately. It needs countless times of considering what seeing is, as different from thinking about people. What hearing is, as different from thinking about the rain or thunder one perceives. Very gradually there can be a little more understanding of seeing and other realities that appear without trying to know them. That is why it is useful to discuss about seeing and other realities.

Thus, considering realities is most important. We should not have any expectation that realities can clearly appear one at a time immediately. Patience is important.

We are reminded all the time that the difference between nāma and rūpa, such as seeing and visible object, has to be clearly understood so that realities can, one by one, be directly known. When we take realities as a “whole”, as a collection of phenomena, there is no precise knowledge of their different characteristics and we take them for self. But we should not try to distinguish nāma from rūpa, that is done with an idea of self. Understanding cannot be made to arise by an idea of self.

Acharn said: “What is there now. Is there seeing or what? Seeing is conditioned, it cannot arise by itself. It is conditioned just to arise and see, that is all. No matter what you call it.”

Those are simple words, but did we really consider them enough? No matter how seeing is called, this reality appears and can be understood. We can call it by any name in any language, but its characteristic does not change. It experiences visible object. It is an ultimate reality, different from conventional notions.

Acharn said: “It is gone completely, never to return in saṃsāra (the cycle of birth and death) or anywhere in the world. No matter what you call it, is it true?”

If one has not listened to the Buddha’s teachings there will always be ignorance covering up the truth.

Acharn said: “What is most precious in life. Does one understand the truth of seeing right now? Life goes on from moment to moment. There is seeing now and it is gone completely. Everything arises and falls away in split seconds. Without the Buddha’s teaching who knows that seeing arises and falls away. The truth of life is not easy to understand. What is precious is understanding what was not understood before. Everything is gone. Can anything belong to you? Realities arise and fall away each moment. When there is no understanding there will be the idea of ‘I see, I hear’, from life to life.”

There are many misunderstandings about practice. In the texts the word practice is used and it is actually the translation of the Pali term paṭipatti. There is nobody who practises, practice arises only because of the right conditions. It is the development of direct understanding and it is conditioned by intellectual understanding, pariyatti. Intellectual understanding is not just study of texts and deep reflection on what one has learnt. It is more than that, it pertains to reality now, although we know that the understanding of the present reality is not precise yet. It refers to the reality of this moment, such as seeing that appears now. It can be understood as a conditioned reality, not self. It is the beginning of understanding that there is no one there.

As Acharn often explains: “One begins to understand: it is this moment only which is real. And then it is completely gone, there is nothing. Seeing is gone, where is the ‘I’ who sees? No one.”

When someone asked how understanding develops by reflection, she replied:

"By understanding better and better, no other way.”

Pariyatti is not the direct understanding of realities, paṭipatti, but it is the condition for it. Paṭipatti conditions paṭivedha, the direct realization of the truth by the stages of insight knowledge ¹ and enlightenment.

Some people think that they have to follow a meditation practice in order to realize the truth, a special method such as focussing on a subject like breathing. However, when on clings to an idea of self that can cause the growth of paññā it will only lead to more clinging with wrong view.

Some people think that there are specific times for practice, such as sitting quietly. There is an idea of “I am practising” and they do not realize that awareness and right understanding can only arise because of their own conditions, not when there is an idea of self that can follow a method to cause their arising. No one can cause the arising of any reality, such as seeing or hearing, they arise naturally. Instead of clinging to an idea of practice one should consider what the Buddha taught about the realities that appear all the time, like seeing, visible object, hearing, sound or thinking. When we carefully consider the Buddha’s words, for example that seeing arises because of conditions, it can lead to the development of right understanding. But there should not be any expectations that understanding can grow quickly.

Retreats are organized in Vietnam and all over the world. People believe that it is easier to develop understanding of one’s citta when there is silence. One can quietly follow different moments of thinking. Again, one should find out whether one is motivated by attachment to the idea of self who wishes to be wise and calm.

It is said that people’s behaviour improves in a meditation center. However, one cannot tell from someone’s outward behaviour whether or not there are kusala cittas. Kusala citta arises for an extremely short moment and then falls away, and it is bound to be followed by akusala cittas which are unknown. One may think of oneself as a good person, and that is conceit. It is necessary to often hear about realities that arise and fall away, otherwise there is the idea that one has to do something special to have more calm and wisdom.

The right Path and the wrong Path was a subject discussed several times during the sessions. There are misunderstandings as to the development of the eightfold Path. The factors of the eightfold Path are sobhana cetasikas which all develop together ². Some people think that the factors of the eightfold Path have to be developed one after the other, but they develop together. The object which the citta and the accompanying path-factors experience has to be a reality that presents itself at the present moment, such as seeing, hardness, attachment, kindness. It is an ultimate reality; conventional notions, such as person or tree, are not the object of the path-factors. There must be the factor of right understanding of the eightfold Path accompanying the other cetasikas. Realities such as right effort and right mindfulness without right understanding are not factors of the eightfold Path. Right understanding knows the object that appears as non-self. When someone thinks of self trying to develop the eightfold Path he is on the wrong Path.

We usually think of situations, stories which are not realities, we are dreaming, living in a phantasy world. Acharn always helps people to return to the present moment. She said:

“Is there seeing right now? Is it truth? Who can make it arise or change it into thinking? It is not me. Who can stop seeing right now? One cannot do anything, it is completely gone. The seeing is not you, it is a reality. There is no one at all, only different realities.”

Some people think that they should first have less akusala cittas before they can develop understanding. They try to abandon attachment to people and situations. If one tries to have less attachment one should ask oneself what type of citta arises at such moments. One wishes to be a good person with good qualities, and at such moments there is clinging to an idea of self. It is very meaningful that there are four stages of enlightenment when defilements are successively eradicated. First wrong view must be eradicated and this occurs at the first stage of enlightenment, the stage of the “streamwinner” (sotāpanna). Later on, at the third stage of enlightenment, the stage of the “non-returner” (anāgāmī), attachment to sense objects is eradicated. Thus, so long as realities are taken for self it is impossible to eradicate attachment to them. The development of understanding takes aeons.

We read in the “Kindred Sayings” (III), “Kindred Sayings on Elements”, “Directly Knowing” (I § 24) ³, that the Budha said, while he was at Sāvatthī:

“Bhikkhus, without directly knowing and fully understanding form ⁴, without becoming dispassionate towards it and abandoning it, one is incapable of destroying suffering. . . ”

The same is said about the four nāma-khandhas: feeling, perception (saññā), formations (saṅkhāra-khandha, the other fifty cetasikas) and consciousness (viññāṇa-khandha). The Buddha said:

“Bhikkhus, by directly knowing and fully understanding form, by becoming dispassionate towards it and abandoning it, one is capable of destroying suffering. ..”

The same is said about the other khandhas. First there should be intellectual understanding of the reality appearing now, such as seeing, hearing, hardness, or whatever appears. They do not belong to a self but they are mere passing dhammas. There are many moments of akusala we are ignorant of. One may not know when feeling at ease, laughing, or looking at the table, that there are bound to be many moments of attachments and ignorance. Ignorance usually follows seeing or hearing.

Sometimes people are told to be aware now, but this is impossible, as Acharn explained. Right awareness of the eightfold Path and also the other path-factors arise because of the appropriate conditions, they are not self. It is not a matter of trying to have awareness and understanding. Trying to think of Dhamma or to walk slowly in order to have awareness are methods that do not lead to right understanding of realities, and, thus, they are the wrong Path.

Acharn said: “When intellectual understanding is not enough to condition right awareness, it cannot arise. All dhammas are anattā, so, awareness and right understanding are anattā. Can anyone know the next moment: seeing, hearing or thinking? Right awareness arises only when there are conditions.”

It is not known what the next moment will be, it may be seeing, hearing, clinging, awareness and understanding or dying-consciousness. It depends entirely on conditions that are beyond our power. Nobody can condition the arising of seeing, and evenso, nobody can condition the arising of awareness. It can arise unexpectedly, if one does not cling to it.

People are often wondering when there are sati and paññā. That is why Acharn explained about these realities time and again.

Acharn asked: “When listening to Sarah and Jonothan, is there any understanding? That is sati and paññā, not you. At the moment of hearing there is no understanding. Understanding comes afterwards, it cannot be hearing.”

Hearing is a vipākacitta that just hears sound, it does not know the meaning of what is heard. Acharn said: “Whenever there is understanding it is only a reality; there are sati, paññā and other wholesome cetasikas arising together, but they are unknown. We can understand that the moments of seeing and hearing are not the moment of understanding. This is the beginning to understand at which moment there are sati and paññā and at which moment there are no sati and paññā.”

Acharn explained that in the beginning there is only intellectual understanding of realities. There is not yet direct understanding of the arising and falling away of realities, which is a higher level of paññā. There can be thinking about sati and paññā but their characteristics do not appear as they are, just one at a time.

Someone may take thinking of realities for right awareness. Acharn explained: “Usually in a day hardness arises but it is not known. It appears to ignorance and attachment, not to right awareness and right understanding.”

Only right understanding can know the difference between such moments. Someone touches a table and he believes that he clearly knows hardness at such a moment. He should find out whether there is an idea of self touching, even if he does not expressively thinks in that way. He may think of hardness but without right understanding that knows it as just a conditioned reality that does not last for an instant.

Acharn explained that one misleads oneself while believing that he has awareness at the moment he is told to be aware. Each word of the Buddha points to the development of right understanding. Only the right intellectual understanding of whatever appears now can lead to direct understanding, to paṭipatti, sati and paññā of the level of satipahāna.

The development of intellectual understanding, pariyatti, may take more than one life until it is so firm that it can condition direct understanding. Only direct understanding knows the characteristic of sati and of paññā. We should not try to find out whether pariyatti is already firm, as we were reminded so often. We should just persevere to learn a little more about seeing now, hearing now, hardness now. They arise because of their own conditions and nobody can manipulate them. It is as Acharn often said: understanding is not enough yet.

Some people have an idea of practice of vipassanā, insight, by focussing on an object with concentration, in order to make satipahāna, mindfulness of realities, arise. They try to focus on breathing or try to have mettā, kindness. Instead of mettā one has attachment. Sarah explained that this is not the same as mettā arising naturally in daily life. All such methods are wrong concentration of the wrong Path.

Concentration, ekaggatā cetasika or samādhi, may be right concentration or wrong concentration. When there is awareness and right understanding of the reality appearing at this moment without any expectation of a result, there is at that moment also right concentration. There is no need to think of concentration, it arises already because of conditions.

Acharn explained that we should remember that all are dhammas, arising by conditions. There should be no selection of the reality that appears, its arising depends on conditions.

The words “no selection” that she often used are very helpful. It reminds us that all are just passing dhammas arising each by their own conditions. “We cannot do anything, there is nobody there”, as Acharn said, time and again. Following the right Path with detachment is the way to have more confidence that all dhammas are anattā. The Path leading to enlightenment is the Path of understanding of anattā, Achan said. At the end of the session on that day someone of the listeners expressed her great appreciation of these explanations on the right Path.

Chapter 6One cannot do anything

The Dependent Origination, Paṭiccasamuppāda was briefly referred to during the sessions. It is the Buddha’s teaching about the conditions leading to the cycle of birth and death. The first link is Ignorance, leading to kamma, and kamma leads to rebirth and vipākacittas (result) throughout life. The first javana-cittas of every living being are cittas rooted in attachment, lobha, thus, there is immediately craving, there is clinging to life.

Someone remarked that one should just cut off craving, tanhā, which is one of the links of the Dependent Origination, and that this would lead to the end of the cycle. This is impossible since there is no self who could change conditioned realities. It is with the eradication of ignorance of realities through fully developed paññā that the chain of conditions is broken. It will take aeons to develop paññā stage by stage. Only when right understanding to the degree of arahatship has been developed there will not be rebirth. Then there will be the end of the cycle.

Often during the discussions there was reference to the “three Rounds” (vaṭṭas) of the cycle of birth and death. When seeing or hearing arises it is the round of vipāka, the result of kamma. We cling to vipāka and then there is the round of defilement, kilesa. Defilements lead to the committing of kamma. So long as defilements have not been eradicated there will be conditions for kusala kamma and akusala kamma that condition rebirth. Kamma will produce again vipāka and in this way the round goes on and on. Attachment and aversion are not always of the degree of kamma, an evil deed, but they are defilements (kilesa) that accumulate and when they have become strong they can lead to evil speech and deeds that harm others, to akusala kamma that is able to produce result.

The Visuddhimagga¹ deals with the three rounds in the chapter on the Dependent Origination (XVII, 299). We read:

“With triple round it spins forever: here formations and becoming ² are the round of kamma. Ignorance, craving and clinging are the round of defilements. Consciousness, mentality-materiality sixfold base ³, contact and feeling are the round of result. So this Wheel of becoming, having a triple round with these three rounds, should be understood to spin, revolving again and again, for ever; for the conditions are not cut off as long as the round of defilement is not cut off.”

Sarah explained:

“After seeing attachment arises, it arises beyond anyone’s control and falls away instantly.”

Someone may think that since it does not stay why we should worry about it, dwell on it, or reason about the causes of attachment.

Sarah: “If one thinks that one can stop attachment and ignorance arising after seeing, it is the wrong idea of self that can control or stop or change reality.

Just as seeing arises naturally by conditions, attachment arises. When hearing more about realities, sati can arise naturally, but not by anyone’s doing anything.

Listening and considering carefully does not mean how many hours one can come to these discussions. It means that even a few words, like ’seeing arising by conditions now’, or ‘what is the meaning of dhamma’, has to be very carefully considered. The careful considering leads to awareness and under- standing without any expectation.”

Acharn explained that life is anattā even from the beginning, from the moment of birth-consciousness. Kamma conditioned the citta and accompanying cetasikas at that moment; they are vipāka, result of kamma. Kamma also produced three groups of rūpa, kalapas, at that moment: one group with bodysense, one group with the heartbase and one group with sex, femininity or masculinity. Even the moment of birth is anattā. Hearing the teachings now is kusala kamma and this can condition the next birth-consciousness.

We still have the opportunity to hear the teachings and develop understanding. She said: “Understanding means understanding of seeing and hearing in daily life.” Pariyatti is not theoretical understanding, it is understanding of what appears now, time and again, like seeing and hearing.

If there is only thinking of the fact that all dhammas are anattā, there will not be any understanding right now of dhamma as anattā. Seeing lasts only for one moment but people think: ’I see’. Life exists only in one moment. Acharn repeated this very often and this is most beneficial. We always forget this when we are taken in by the events of life. Ignorance is a kind of sickness and the Buddha is the true physician who can cure it.

Acharn explained that just knowing that there is ignorance is not enough. One should understand more and more that it is conditioned, by the accumulation of aeons ago. No one can stop conditions for the arising of anything.

Hearing a few words is not enough. When we were in a restaurant Acharn said: “We have to continue developing understanding amongst akusala.” Delicious food was waiting for us and it is natural to have attachment to flavour. Even after seeing, shortly after it has fallen away, we are bound to be attached to seeing or to visible object. This is completely unknown. Cittas arise and fall away succeeding one another so fast. When we consider the countless moments of akusala, Acharn’s words that understanding is developed in the midst of akusala become more meaningful. Akusala cittas arise almost all the time, but, in between, understanding of whatever appears can be developed, just for an extremely short moment.

“One cannot do anything”, this was often repeated. It was said to remind us that there are only conditioned realities arising and falling away. When seeing has arisen can one prevent it from arising? Can one cause the seeing that has fallen away to return and see again?

Seeing was taken as an example of a conditioned reality, but when we have more understanding of its conditioned nature we shall also understand that other realities that arise are conditioned and cannot be altered or manipulated. One cannot do anything. This can also be said of different kinds of defilements that arise, that are not welcome. However, thanks to the Buddha’s teachings understanding of whatever appears can be developed, in the midst of akusala.

Acharn said: “What we take for the world, people and things are only different realities. It is the absolute truth, nobody can change this characteristic. When you touch something hard is it you who makes it hard? Actually, there is no you, only different dhammas.”

Someone asked whether good deeds, like giving, releasing animals ⁴ or chanting texts would be a way of sharing merit with the dead. When someone is reborn in another plane of existence, such as one of the heavenly planes, where he can know about someone else’s good deed he may appreciate the wholesome deeds of someone else and have kusala citta on account of it. This can be called the sharing of merit. However, we cannot know in which plane someone else is reborn, a plane where he could know about someone else’s kusala. It is of no use to speculate about this.

It is difficult to know whether the citta of someone else is kusala or akusala. When one sees other people doing good deeds or abstaining from deeds that can harm others it cannot be known from the outward appearance of a deed whether or not the citta is kusala. Every citta that arises does so for an extremely short moment and it falls away instantly. Kusala citta can be followed closely by akusala citta, but since cittas succeed one another so rapidly one may take akusala citta for kusala citta.

Someone thought that he could constantly be aware of postures. There cannot be awareness and understanding all the time. When one thinks in that way there is no understanding. Posture is an impression of a whole, a situation, such as walking. It is not a nāma or rūpa that can be directly experienced. We can just think of it.

Some people want to change their lifestyle or give up their job in order to have more time for the Dhamma. However, such a wish is motivated by clinging to the idea of self . This hinders the development of understanding. One should lead one’s life naturally.

What is morality, sīla? This was one of the topics of discussion that came up. It is not following rules. There may be the conventional way of thinking about good morality when considering kusala sīla. However, we should know what kusala sīla is in the ultimate sense. It is the behaviour of citta, only for a very short moment. Kusala citta does not last, it falls away within split seconds. From the outward appearance of deeds by others we can never know what the citta is like.

When performing a good deed such as helping others, one may have an idea that such moments last. Or when one abstains from akusala one may think of a story of not retorting unkind words to someone who spoke in an unpleasant way. All the time during which one does not retort unkind words one may keep silent with aversion. Then one misses the real meaning of abstaining from akusala which is just a short moment of kusala citta. Or there may be moments of conceit, while thinking, “I am better than the person who spoke unkindly, or see how good I am”. When we have more understanding of citta it will be clearer that kusala sīla is the behaviour of kusala citta which arises and then falls away immediately.

If one knows the difference between understanding the ultimate realities of citta and cetasika and the conventional way of thinking, there will be more understanding of what sīla is, the behaviour of citta now. We are used to thinking in a conventional way but if we do not know the difference between the conventional way of thinking and the understanding of ultimate realities, there will be a great deal of confusion in life.

In the ultimate sense, there is no person, only citta (consciousness), cetasika (mental factors accompanying citta) and rūpa (physical phenomena) which arise and fall away instantly. What arises and falls away immediately cannot be taken for a person or self.

We have to lead our daily life naturally, and so, we think of our fellowmen, to treat them with respect and concern for their wellfare. At the same time there can be more understanding of ultimate realities. What is the citta like that thinks of others, is it kusala or akusala? It is not my kusala or akusala, just dhammas arising because of their own conditions. When there is right understanding, kusala will be purer, there will be less thinking of self.

One may think in a conventional way of monkhood, thinking of the person who wears a yellow robe. However, we have to consider the true meaning of monkhood by way of ultimate realities. It is not the wearing a yellow robe that makes someone a monk. It is the behaviour of citta of someone who leads the monk’s life, different from the laylife. The monk should lead the life of an arahat, a perfected one, who truly sees the danger of being in the cycle of birth and death.

Acharn, her sister and I had a wheelchair at the airport in Bangkok. We had a conversation with the young men who pushed those wheelchairs and it appeared that several of them had been ordained as a monk for three months, just to please their parents. They said that they did not have much understanding of the Vinaya. One should have understanding of the teachings first, before being ordained.

In Vietnam Acharn spoke about the true meaning of monkhood. She stressed the importance of first studying the teachings. One should not think of being ordained in order to study the teachings later on. Even the first five disciples of the Buddha were not ordained yet before they had understanding of the teachings. One should have true understanding of the teachings in order to know whether one has accumulations for leading the life as a monk or for leading the laylife.

In the Buddha’s time laypeople who developed understanding and attained enlightenment, could even attain the third stage, the stage of the “non-returner”(anāgāmī), and this meant they had eradicated clinging to all sense objects. But those who attained the fourth stage, the stage of the arahat, had eradicated all kinds of clinging and all defilements and they could not lead the laylife anymore. The monk’s life is the life of the arahat. It is a life of fewness of wishes. They should never ask for anything, they are dependent on the requisites of robes, food, lodging and medicines given to them by laypeople. It is their duty to “review” these requisites every time they use them.

Acharn explained that it is disrespect to the Buddha to just wish to become a monk and be his son or heir without developing understanding of his teachings. Only those who have accumulations to lead the monk’s life, study the teachings and develop understanding could ask to be ordained as a monk.

Acharn said: “The monk’s life is quite different from the laylife. When the monk wakes up he remembers, ‘I am not a layman anymore.’ Before having his meal he must think about it that this is given. So he would make use of this gift in the best way. The best thing in life, especially in the monk’s life, is studying the teachings carefully and follow the Vinaya, the rules of Discipline. Each word of the Vinaya comes from the Buddha himself. Who else is better than him to lay down the Vinaya, the rules of the monk’s life.” Acharn said that if the monk does not live in this way it is so dangerous to be a monk. He is like a thief who steals what is given to the virtues ones.

We read in the “Visuddhimagga” (I, 125) about four kinds of use and one kind is “use as a theft”. The commentary to the “Visuddhimagga”, the “Paramattha-mañjūsā” (61) states:

“ ‘Use as theft’: use by one who is unworthy. And the requisites are allowed by the Blessed One to one in his own dispensation who is virtuous, not unvirtuous; and the generosity of the givers is towards one who is virtuous, not towards one who is not, since they expect great fruit from their actions”.

Acharn said: “That is why in the Buddha’s time someone would understand the teachings before becoming a monk and he would realize that his accumulations are so great that he could renounce the laylife.”

Acharn explained that the Buddha’s Path, no matter for laypeople or for monks, is the way to have less and less attachment. Clinging to the idea of self should be eradicated first, before clinging to sense objects can be eradicated. Each word of the Buddha pertains to understanding of reality right now.

At the end of the last session one of the monks spoke with great appreciation and confidence about Acharn’s explanations on the development of understanding. He said that this was the right Path. He was hoping that at rebirth in a future life he would be able to listen to Acharn again.

There were long photo sessions and many of the listeners found that these days they had learnt a great deal from the discussions. They expressed their gratefulness and appreciation to Acharn, Sarah, Jonothan and friends. It was very inspiring to see the confidence and enthusiasm of those who had listened during these sessions.

The Buddha’s words about the truth of life should be understood, not just followed. The best thing he shared with everyone is understanding and this is what is most precious in one’s life.